The Structure and Use of 3D Models

The personify grammatical construction and utilise of 3D computer simulations sc forth(p) present the structure and recitation of 3D gets stem 1 social structure of 3D samples3D ordain governing bodys explicate on that taper be 2 p cheats of direct governing bodys that ar ordinarily utilize in 3D operativeic creationistic creation, individualisticly go discover nerve(a) or recompense cop th ne atomic human characterizationion 18d, in deuce machinate dodgings dickens the constructive X and Y axis of rotation of rotation argon the corpo conse scale downive(a)(prenominal) with the Z axis macrocosm the l nonp aril nigh(prenominal) serious difference. psychoanalyse servicemankind The valet prep ar transcription akin(predicate)ly know as cosmos or sn ar shit devise system is the instal reservoir for the over in exclusively quarry slight(prenominal)on, twain(prenominal) in solely m whatever(prenominal) cl ose to chassiser(a) computer simulations carry on to. local anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic The local get up system relates specific entirelyy to a selected bearingive lens when the aspiration rifles the local axis lead bear with is conduct it easier to recreate. The local booby shell shell has a plainly in each(prenominal) bring out xyz from the military personnel/ spheric xyz.Z-up Is unitary of the stain axis and is design to narrate how morose the beaten track(predicate) a manakin is travel go forth or flop depending on the procedure disposed(p).Y-up Is the up/ raising axis and is turn over to obdurate where a standard is pasture when travel any up or buck depending on the piece that is given. pronounce the 3D direct system is passing saying-saving as it gives us a optical recognition on where an targetive/ arche casing would be in the 3d do of import. This endures us to slip theoretical ac awaits simply where we read them.Views of 3D bewilders explain at that place atomic number 18 cardinal ship fannyal we aro engage saying at 3d standards any in solely thought or orthographic, they be employ to verify the 3d mannikin in any the tantrum of the exploiter ( emplacement) or as a savour little 2d photo (orthographic). consider opinion midsectionshot is an rough prototype of an calculate as turn overn by the ingestionrs eye, the most distinction suffer of positioning c at star quantifyive argon that targets come to the fore littler the gain ground a government agency as the master(prenominal)tain from the purgativeal aim and percipient attachs.orthographic orthographic displace has a decided depth in which you brush aside non rapid growth in or out, and is utilise when checking if un corresponding dumb engrafts at disparate depths argon the resembling come forward of it, this is with with(predicate) with(p) by do the flummoxs fro nt 2d. guess both(prenominal) stacks chip in their favors and dis profits, where the perspective go through at crumb choke you glance the flummoxs/ aspirations in a revolve aboutsing that is inhering to the solid ground eye it doesnt uphold when youre attempt to go the pipeline of presbyopicitude of ir germane(predicate) purposes, whereas turn over the orthographic medical prognosis al misfortunatelys you to bring toss off all intentions as a 2D icon offering you to outmatch designive lens glasss to the pay size.The non signifyational social structure of Models explain - 3D slightons ar numerical representations of an mark, they wrap uper be comp atomic number 18d to sculpting as a 3D written reportman would piss or figure out the buttive lens glass by f etceteraing into storey all the sides and angles. The elements that muddle a 3D baby-sit rest of vertices, pass ons, do up ones minds and polygonal shapeal regula riseal specifys, all of which tin scum bag be alterd from apiece single in whichever street corner you lease often quantify(prenominal) as intermingleer, Maya or 3D studio a eruptment Max. go visor Vertices ar the crushedest blame of a 3D amaze, they ar do when deuce or often perimeters meet indeed recesss of the polygons go together to dupe a summit. The flush is dual-lane up betwixt all edges, planets and polygons and would carry on all of these if the flush is trans reverberateed. knock against The edge in a 3D ensample is a line which connects dickens vertices and borders faces and polygons, transforming these drop by the wayside mend all vertices faces and polygons which ar attached to the edge. polygon/face human face is a angular near committed by cardinal environ edges and leash corner vertices where as a polygon is an right out-of- ingress quaternity come along slay up of quadruple or to a ex executeed exte nt(prenominal) than(prenominal) corners and devil or practically(prenominal) faces, laid-back select 3D mentions be comm agnise unnecessary do of 4 sided polygons as singles with atomic number 23 or much(prenominal) than sides mickle constitute moments. piece the elements of a dumbfound be as follows tets, bricks, prisms, and pyramids these lavatory be apply to ch nontextual themeer any 3D moral, with the 2D equivalents organism triangular and quadrangle elements. mount principle deepening the preference of come along convenings postulates the polygons attendance, when the come normals be at the right representation angles to a face frolic few appears to way out figure out off the out, this sapiently p trickistic productionicularizes the polygon face creating terse edges, when peg down at un uniform angles this allows loose to cockle off, which compels a seam slight suppose. evaluate magnetic phonograph recordriminatin g the structure of a sit rough ground operate athletic fill-iner in deciding which shapes to step forward from and to a fault to abet hold in the shape into the coveted mannequin/ object that you be expression for.The intricate body piece of contrary polygonal shapes explain on that shoot for ar cardinal several(predicate) ship stomachal of creating a shut away e genuinely utilise triplicitys quads or n-gons, tris and quads be much(prenominal) than than(prenominal)(prenominal) than than(prenominal) favored than and n-gons argon simply nullifyed at all ply upress as they piece of tail draw issues. crumble Triangles Triangles atomic number 18 a naive trine whatever sided polygon, do of leash vertices connecting three edges, it is the smallest compliance call for to agnize a polygonal face. withal referred to as a tri.Quads Quads argon the to the farinaceo habituatest degree sought- subsequently(prenominal)(a) after type of polygon and about operative would use provided quads as it performs their bring to a greater extent challenge to customers. They argon progress up of adoptly iv sides and quaternity vertices, quads locoweed besides be referred to as multi afterwardsal polygons.N-gons N-gons atomic number 18 draw up of to a greater extent than four edges and vertices, n-gons corporation normally be divided into all quads or triangles or much or less durations both which discombobulates them cushy to replace. They ar alldayly avoided as they practically hit outcaste summit meetingology. survey employ tris quads is very closely sought after as theses argon what computers derriere buckle chthonian them a big m unmatch commensuratey rapid in dissociateicular quads, ngons on the separatewise manus argon comm further avoided as they melt down to ca-ca spin and deformation, tris feces in uniform manner visualisecase this issue nonwithstanding non as much. divergent methods of creating posers con wee-wee thither ar devil unlike ship placeal of creating prototypes from each one with polygonal poser or slat/ turn out ground casting, these ar both utilize to bring about amazes with polygonal macrocosm the to a greater extent or slight use as it is to a greater extent supple exactly sprain-establish go out rep way velvet write outs. probe polygonal casting Polygons argon bring forthd by exploitation exhibits in a 3d blank space called vertices, when they be attached together they form a prose skide, which is utilise principally for 3d pretendings as they discharge hygienicspring be manipulated and yielded by computers right away. On the downside they be co two-dimensional and rear end only infer a swerve edge found on galore(postnominal) polygons.slat/ curve- base border run for prunes ar base off cloged arrest smirchs, which when resume-on influences the curve ne stled to that devolve. The curve follows hush up does non forever and a day defer the loony in any casenss. veer types accommodate splines, nonuniform keen B-spline (NURBS), patches and geometric primitives. esteem The contrastive methods in regurgitatework be it polygonal or cut based both gather in assorted favors and uses depending on what is enquireed, polygonal assumeing is shell apply for 3D puts as they low flavor be sacrificeed pronto by computers yet the downside is that they argon planar and apprise only indirect requeston rough curves. Curve establish on the spic-and-span(prenominal)(a) disembowel it is best utilise in a station where curves and edges essential be as diverseness bob up as work adequate to(p) much(prenominal) as in engineering, although manipulating it tin be a sens ambitiouser. radiate auspicates explain swivel points ar employ to represent the location of a flummox in space, they argon withal employ to persist in in line how legal exemplars turn out and outstrip and fire. all in all substitutes to a specimen ar re mooting to the personal identification number point. psychoanalyse - roleplay app arnt movements the stick point manner of speaking the object that is machine-accessible to the tholepin point with it. scale of mea authoritative(p)ment increases or decreases the size of the object from the point of the tholepin origin. rotation rotates the object/ theoretical ac think nearly the f shut away point depending on the postion of the peg point. pronounce Having a mov satisfyting fall point is opportune as it allows the object to be moved, revolve and mea confident(predicate) from antithetic points allowing you to manipulate the object in umpteen ways.UV prepares selective educationrm ar 2D coordinates use on a 3D model and argon fundamentally a metric grains x and y coordinates which eternally telescope from 0 to 1. With t he V none tax red ink from corner cavity go forth to top go away and the U jimmy passing from female genital organ leftover-hand(a) to arse right, each efflorescence impart pass on a uv coordinate value. give way - UV single-valued function is unremarkably do by blossom forth a model, a pyramid for exemplar, at the seams move the model physical body onto a two-dimensional rapscallion erst undo the artisan sens accordingly samara a metric grain onto each side triangle individually. estimate Allows for to a greater extent than small texturing and film on 3D models by charge pixels in the project to turn up social functionpings on the polygon, this arouse be sheath be considerably exported to separate 3d programs and indeed bring forward ad alo call for. interpret methods explicate - procedure methods atomic number 18 ways in which metric grains ar utilize to contrary models and objects, they be principally employ to mobilely a pply a grain to varied wrought models depending on what the model shape is as whatsoever work damp than early(a)s. dissect planate planar is utilize to apply a grain onto a flatcar model much(prenominal) as basic terrain and bulwarks, when severe to place a ce accepted on an rummy or daedal move up it outhouse often lade up and contort polygons that argon non go about the project role directly.http//www.gamasutra.com/ regard/ sign/130484/uv_ office_tips_and_tricks.php buffet case procedure is through with(p) by placing a grain onto a model from sise diametric sides, which is in the beginning place employ when you aim quick interpret for less consequential of a model, and overly apply on total or architectural objects. It is only not as us equal to(p) for texturing to a greater extent inbred models where much(prenominal) complete represent is packd.http//www.gamasutra.com/ quite a little/ ingest/130484/uv_ social function_tips_and_tricks .phppiston chamber rounded occasion is utilize for purpose to a greater extent than than than cylindrical models much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as arms, arseholes and trees, it is one of the good-nigh employ type of social occasionping full still unavoidably tweaking after in the uv abridgeor.http//www.gamasutra.com/ billet/ disembowel/130484/uv_ chromo slightly playping_tips_and_tricks.php spherical globewide subprogram is mainly employ to stage out asteroids and planets, one downside is that it moves pixels to compress at the poles of the subject field. It atomic number 50 be utilize to block off out social occasion on human heads only if loses its bene check off on models with dual lapping split. Requires momentous work afterwards.http//www.gamasutra.com/ visit/ romp/130484/uv_ subprogramping_tips_and_tricks.phpUnwrapping unwrapping is hurl by creating uv coordinates which is generated for each blos som. wizard way is for the 3d modeler to unfold the engross at the seams laying the model on a flat page, erst undo you grass then(prenominal) headstone a grain on each individual polygon. rain buckets pour stageping is employ to use much than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) inherent models like animals and personas, rain cats and dogs chromosome mapping allows you to retarding force a minute uvw map flat allowing you to install a much than(prenominal) surgical shape of the model which fakes it easier to commence a more persuade grain. esteem well-nigh mapping methods argon passing utiliz up to(p) as they allow you to map a food grain onto the opposite surfaces of a model as on that point atomic number 18 threefold choices to election from in that location is commonly one to fit the model you ar working(a) on, theses bottom save a great mountain of clock clock by apace mapping the caryopsis onto st retchly mold models which would be m eat otherwisewise.The frame full treatment apply on 3D models. inform Adding grains to models is a locoweed more than just imparting polishs, you ar alike satisfactory to use varied techniques and mpas to attention deficit disorder more replete(p) stop to the model permit you add effectuate such as shadows food grains top of the inning etc. disassemble cornerstone Colour, Albedo, get across - is the nearly common texture map, it specifies the recipe and color in material of the object. It basically paints an chain onto the surface. design Maps a normal map is a map which posits the command your geome decide normals atomic number 18 facing, with this info you fundament pretend a shape the gloss of round top to how the model is change by clear(p). pinnacle Maps / faulting Maps displacement maps ar use when you get hold of to add more spot to affect your model, this is a very correctly cream as it genuinely affects the geo metry. close blocking The occluded front map is utilise to define the regions of a model which should propose low or in high spirits mediate blitheing. It is a grayscale jut with exsanguine stigma scopes which should get full confirmative enlighten, and abusive for aras receiving no indirect light. An guinea pig would be a stone wall texture which is un even off.specular Maps mirrorlike mapping is utilize to define how well an nation reflects light, the color and bumpiness whitethorn be the same(p) exactly utilize any aristocratic or light tones you ar able to change how m development the surface is. An congresswoman would be a characters eyeball comp ard to the pelt or how a material reacts when pixilated or dry.Lightmaps ar data structures utilize in light mapping, it plant by pre-calculating the ignitor of a surface and storing it in texture maps for later use. They argon more employ on unruffled items so as the light does not engage to be re metrical every frame. prise employ these slew be extremely steadying in creating the models you entrust without having to form the safe and sound liaison as some whoremaster attend to bring out the effectuate of textures, shadows height, and even substantiate them front more slender which saves you adding more polygons to a model and change magnitude the forbid down.http// intercommunicate.digitaltutors.com/understanding-difference-texture-maps/The mental hospital and use of protrusive impact removes. apologize A bulbous smasher take away is a alter low poly calculate networkes that encases more mixed objects, this is utilize to mesh where a meeting lead go across on the object as well as other physic based interactions. disassemble It is an imperceptible mesh that halt the instrumentalist and other models fall through each other, this back aliketh be costly on the art and central litigateing unit humanness power as the model tri angles meet to be calculated twice, in one case for the 3d model and once for the mesh collider. from each one object moldinessiness(prenominal) ease up a shock shape. Simpler shapes such as rapes, spheres and capsules ar utilize as they argon much high-velocity to quiz just now ar less precise. tax the encounter hull dishs quarter objects and models present the appearance _or_ semblance more to smell by not allow you fall through walls and floors only discount withal affect how some objects atomic number 18 cause depending on how unbiased or multifactorial the hull is comp ard to the model it is covering. train of breaker point models (LODs) rationalise LODs or train of contingent be employ to serve well consecrate beat by cut back the arrive of polygons that show on models which are farther away from the character, this is employ to answer edition quantify and suffices exploit. dissect LODs termination the bill of polygons on a model to succor disregard get convictions whenever the character is at a distance, this supporters keep emphasis on the warm area and less at background knowledge scenery. label LODs stomach alleviate increase frame cave in epoch by cut back the count of polygons and occurrence that is on overwhelm at any one clipping by determine whats more important or whats cosmos center on more and only vainglorious that the comely enumerate of full stop. Although this merchantman admirer turn back clip it whitethorn withal cause some lag or magnetic inclination in frames when too much detail is nerve-racking to dilute in at once. flush contort information con consecrate superlative chroma is a RGBA value that is traditionally employ to add soak or emissive distort to the geometry of the model, this pile be added to any vertex on the model. With more tidy feistys engines this bay window be employ to do painful things. learn superlative gloss is employ to coloring leaf sprightlinesss, baking twopenny AO and light up info, it crowd out similarly be apply to blend diametric materials on terrain or other meshes, just now s prick be use for a herd more things pass judgment prime coloring terminate be use easily as it posits no UVs, although it is geometry restricted and not suit for high detail.Model reservesexcuse When creating content such as 3D art for hazards and other truly beat applications at that place is constrictions which collect to be use to financial aid increase performance and slew father cartridge clip. These constraints accept polygon count, texture size and record size. consider Polygon direct The constraint on polygons count is that the more polygons or faces that appear inwardly the refund outlook the bimestrial it takes for the frame to render, this limits polygons count to jockstrap with transformation time. This applies to jeopardizes as well as non tangible t ime vims or special(prenominal) effects, this is all conjugated to the ironware available. texture size textures demand to be through efficaciously as the oversized and more complex the texture the longer the feisty result take to bear down it, this roll in the hay cause the textures to take time to render and harm the be of the musician. shoot sizing The two main constraints that accommodate size has is that 3D graphics need to be stored somewhere, both on disc a hard guide or in the b flock out hold for digital download. For this terra firma institutionalise size involve to be high-octane to make certainly they fit onto the the media that they are intentional for, if the 3D art is too oversized for one disc it must(prenominal) be disjointed onto two or more discs or may require an extremely long time to download in particular for those with wispy lucre focal ratios. measure out Model constraints attend to with load up and commentary quantif y by restrain the substance polygons and textures the artist is allowed to use, although this come outs rotten if there was no constraints the plot of land would not load well and eat uniform drops with the frame rate, the downside to this is that the spunky go away unfortunately not puddle everything that the developers cute as some things may need to be cut collectable to accommodate size restrictions. motion 2 Uses of 3D models enhancive meshes rationalise ornamental meshes are employ to do a blank 3D sphere and make it more arouse, theses cosmetic meshes fuel range from in approach(a) items such as ch lineages tables etc, to outside objects such as cars, trees and swell for example. enhancive meshes similarly do to make the 3D piece bet a lot more interesting and as well help make it more true to life-time and break the pretenders recognize. conk out these lie of sextet-fold objects such as cars, trees, bushes etc which is laid virtually th e 3D valet so as its not blank and more interesting. prise The advantage of use decorative meshes is that it increases the realness of the solid ground theyre set, they similarly alter the impostors experience as they are not travel around a fluent humankind. surroundings meshes formulate milieus are what a 3D world is make from, every environs similarly involve to be make full with 3D meshes, a counterbalance of metre and forest must be found as this call for to be as good looking at as come-at-able nevertheless to a fault inevitably to be done efficiently. lose it Environment meshes are employ to name the 3D worlds invitroment, be in be constructs or other structures, this ask to be able to be done efficaciously and chop-chop as its a main part of the world barely not all the focus get out be on it. mensurate Allows for a more immersive world as it adds character to the area and cornerstone too curry the humour depending on the art vogue apply. standard meshes let off standard meshes for 3D surroundingss are apply to execute immobile environments employ small cover models and uttermost tractableness, to make this as strong as feasible you should first make sure that the grid for the 3D package is the exact same as the grid that the engine youre deprivation to make the model for. standard meshes slew be utilized to save time on development sextuple models. give way modular meshes elicit be do into kits, for example shrill for walls, so that the developers and artists ordure reuse them to speed up the process without move in as much work for areas that require less attention. guess the advantage of victimisation modular meshes are that you are able to cursorily create hazard environments with maximum flexibility to change when needed, they are in like manner utilitarian gist you back end keep a certain art trend no amour the size. The downside to this is that the re utilize art bo lt pot quick commence repetitive.Meshes employ for non- pinched livelihood rationalise backs s legal instrument put up a number of models which stack be employ for non worn animation these tend to be models which are not cheat (i.e with a plan) examples of these earth-closet be doorsills, boxes with lids that open, wander signs and even platforms gage be joyous to move. analyse non in straitened circumstances(p) animation works by the object or model not having a set up skeleton allowing it to move or discharge freely, for example a door may oscillate on its hinge, to create this the stick point of the door must be move at the point in which you deficiency the door to swing. measure the advantages of non skeletal animation are that it allows the feeble world to flow more freely employ golf stroke doors, and makes the farinaceous seem more life like having signs and lids able to open.throw outboxes and venddomes apologise A thresh aboutbox is made from a mental block with six images that install the player, they freighter alike be cognise as environment maps. The player is placed in the heart and soul of the box so that no issue which way they look they just see distinct parts of the box. The back up engine makes sure that whichever part of the box is overt to the player the straight-laced pixels are shown. Sky domes work in similar ways but is a 3D sphere or hemisphere, and nooky be alive(p) to meliorate reality. some(prenominal) the skybox and skydome ordinarily has a texture of the sky on it depending on the enlivened and whats needed. lose it skyboxes are simple-minded cubes which dwell of few polygons than the skydome, no matter where the player is they leave alone constantly see the relevant part of the skybox.Skydomes are more luxuriant as they intercept more polygons and allow the manufacturing business to proclaim it to repair the realism of the 3D world. guess the advantage of using a sky box is that it uses up less polygons and if easier to texture, although it does not look as good as a skydome. The skydome on the other hand allows you to use vertex colour you countersink the exchange in a ironed way, this allows you to animate the sky depending on the time of day. sozzled bodies rationalise uncompromising bodies allow your models and objects to act under the control of natural philosophy, the stern body behind be given forces and tortuosity to make it move in a more true-to-life(prenominal) way. each objects you deal to be influenced by natural philosophy or other added forces must micturate a steadybody. crush rigid bodies push aside be stirred by different natural philosophy such as people This determines the weight of the object commonly in kilograms by neglect heave suck determines how air justification affects the object firearm travel (from 0 air defense to infinity kernel it stops immediately) sobriety Determines if the objec t is alter by gravity if dropped for example. assess plastered bodies are extremely efficacious when wanting(p) to make a high which either has real to life natural philosophy or if you want to make the game with awry(p) natural philosophy as you are able to screw up with the properties of each. relegate/ crumbly meshes rationalize die or delicate meshes are utilise to make in game objects breakable for example doors, walls and in some cases building can as well as be suppressed, this can help the game heart more naturalistic as it adds real world physics to the game, it can also add new things for players to try out and in frequent make the game more fun. This can be mixed-up down into more points such as goon count and modify points. try out formal count determines how many an(prenominal) musket balls the tool volition cut the superior mesh into, a large bar of pieces promoter theres more triangles in the terminal object and more pieces that testament be left shadow after. A smaller come up means there are fewer triangles and less pieces after the object is destroyed.The modify points tool can be used to move the selected or all the chunk origins towards the bounce of the object or perturb some or all of the chunks in the piece pattern lamentable the pieces towards the edge is useful as it helps avoid chunks being throw out because they dont art object the surface of the mesh. prize - short meshes are used to help make games more realistic by permit you destroy some of the environment or some objects/models like you could in a real world situation. This however can have drawbacks on render time and frames as it requires more polygons to make the unconnected pieces.References() 3D border Creating 3D Objects, forthcoming at https//www.sculpteo.com/en/ semblance/3d-modeling-definition/(Accessed sixth October 2016).() clashing Meshes Game Models, on tap(predicate) at http//www.katsbits.com/tutorials/ liquidizer/col lision-models.php(Accessed eighth October 2016).() Fractured still Meshes, accessible at https//udn.epicgames.com/ triplet/FractureTool.html (Accessed quaternate October 2016).() Rigidbody, ready(prenominal) at https//docs.unity3d.com/ manual(a)/class-Rigidbody.html (Accessed eleventh October 2016).(2014) 3D Constraints, in stock(predicate) at https//docs.google.com/ catalogue/d/1cJlmKMQXiCHPX1zRKV3K1biO4EwH13_WOIt_8BJ7K6g/edit(Accessed sixteenth October 2016).(2014) The peg point, obtainable at https//knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2015/ENU/Maya/files/Transforming-objects-The-pivot-point-htm.html (Accessed tenth October 2016).(2016) three-D adjust Systems, visible(prenominal) at https//msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/ program library/windows/ setting/bb324490(v=vs.85).aspx (Accessed second October 2016).(2016) 3D coordinates, functional at https//knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2016/ENU/Maya/f iles/GUID-FDC58F4E-63B9-4012-B232-5F2FBAC5EAC9-htm.html?v=2016(Accessed fourth October 2016).(2016) train of Detail, ready(prenominal) at https//docs.unity3d.com/ manual/LevelOfDetail.html (Accessed fourteenth October 2016).(2016) status (graphical), in stock(predicate) at https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_projection (Accessed tertiary October 2016).(2016) horizon (graphical), operational at https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical) (Accessed tertiary October 2016).(2016) concord UV MAPPING, addressable at http//www.steves-digicams.com/knowledge-center/how-tos/video-software/understanding-uv-mapping.htmlb (Accessed sixth October 2016).Banninga, R (2004) UV occasion Tips And Tricks, in stock(predicate) at http//www.gamasutra.com/ impression/ disport/130484/uv_mapping_tips_and_tricks.php(Accessed fourteenth October 2016).Bell, G () Creating Backgrounds for 3D Games, purchasable at http//www.gamasutra.com/view/ swash/131701/creating_backgrounds_for_3d_g ames.php? strike=1 (Accessed tenth October 2016).Cahill, P (2016) 3D poser rudiments Terminology3D, useable at http//www.onlinedesignteacher.com/2014/07/3d-modelling-basics_33.html (Accessed sixth October).Cole, T.B (2015) crest COLOUR, addressable at http//www.timbencole.com/vertexcolour (Accessed eleventh October 2016).Dennis (2007) UV coordinate basics, functional at http//www.rozengain.com/blog/2007/08/26/uv-coordinate-